The risk-based approach provided for in Article 7 of the Law of 18 September 2017 (the AML Law) includes the adaptation of vigilance measures, that shall be applied on the obliged entities, to the identified ML/TF risks. If the obliged entities find that the ML/TF risk is high, they must increase vigilance.
Relations with natural persons or legal entities established in third countries showing a high-risk, shall automatically be considered as being a high risk in respect of which the obliged entities shall impose increased vigilance measures (Article 38 of the AML Law).
Third countries showing a high risk are defined in Article 5 of the AML Law as countries considered as having a high geographical risk by:
- The FATF
- The European Commission
- The National Security Council, the Ministerial Committee for the co-ordination of the fight against the laundering of money of illegal origin or the obliged entities themselves.
FATF list of countries showing a high ML/FT risk for the international financial system
FATF Recommendation 19 calls on countries to apply a high level of vigilance in respect of business relationships and transactions with natural persons, legal entities and financial institutions established in countries that are identified by FATF as countries having strategic deficiencies in the fight against anti-money laundering and the financing of terrorism or the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Three times a year the FATF publishes two lists of countries that have strategic AML/CFT deficiencies:
COUNTRIES MENTIONED IN THE FATF LIST OF ‘HIGH-RISK JURISDICTIONS SUBJECT TO A CALL FOR ACTION’
This so-called ‘blacklist’ contains countries in respect of which the FATF calls on its members to apply effective countermeasures in order to protect the international financial system against the ML/TF risks emanating from these countries. Examples of such countermeasures can be found in the Interpretive Note to Recommendation 19 (p. 86).
The list currently includes:
- Myanmar
- North Korea
- Iran
COUNTRIES MENTIONED IN THE FATF LIST OF ‘JURISDICTIONS UNDER INCREASED MONITORING’
This so-called ‘greylist’ contains countries where strategic AML/CFT deficiencies have been identified and which have committed themselves at political level to implement an action plan in order to overcome these deficiencies.
This list currently includes:
- Algeria
- Angola
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Haiti
- Ivory Coast
- Yemen
- Cameroon
- Kenya
- Croatia
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Mali
- Monaco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Nigeria
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- South Africa
- South Sudan
EU list of countries showing a high ML/FT risk for the EU financial system
Article 9 of directive 2015/849 empowers the European Commission to identify third countries that show strategic deficiencies in their national AML/CFT regulations, which poses a serious threat for the EU financial system („high-risk third countries”). Increased vigilance must be applied in respect of relationships with customers established in those countries.
For the first time, on the basis of this authorisation, the Commission established a list of third countries involved, attached as an annex to the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/1675 of 14 July 2016. This list is updated regularly and was last modified on by the Delegated Regulation 2024/163 of 12 December 2023.
The EU list is an autonomous list composed according to its own methodology. This means that the EU list differs from the FATF list.
The EU list currently includes:
- Afghanistan
- Barbados
- Burkina Faso
- Cameroon
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Gibraltar
- Haiti
- Iran
- Jamaica
- Mali
- Mozambique
- Myanmar
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Panama
- Philippines
- Senegal
- South Africa
- South Sudan
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Vanuatu
- Vietnam
- Yemen
Absence of a Belgian list
Article 54 of the AML Law provides for the possibility at Belgian level to take countermeasures against countries that - within the framework of national risk assessment - are identified as countries with inadequate regulations or with traditions that constitute an obstacle to the fight against money laundering or the financing of terrorism.
To the present day no use has yet been made of the above-mentioned possibility.